Francesca Carolina
Different non-reproductive cancer forms have been linked to sex and gender discrepancies. Males have a greater mortality rate and are two times more likely than females to acquire kidney cancer. Examining genetics and genomes, together with additional risk factors including hypertension and obesity, lifestyle choices, and female sex hormones, can help explain these discrepancies. Understanding the hormonal signalling pathways can help us understand the distinctions between the sexes better. At the diagnostic, histological, and therapeutic levels, there are gender and sex-based discrepancies that can be seen, and these differences can significantly affect the result. The current understanding of disparities in the clinical presentation of kidney cancer patients based on sex and gender is summarised in this review, along with potential scientific explanations for these findings. The advancement of sex-specific prognostic and diagnostic tools as well as individualised therapy may be facilitated by underlying sex-based distinctions.
Men are diagnosed with kidney cancer more commonly than women are, and they also have more aggressive histologies, larger tumours, higher grades and stages, and worse oncological outcomes. The use of sex steroid hormones and smoking appear to play a part in the explanation of these gender differences. A further factor affecting the gender-related response to oncological therapy, such as antiangiogenic medicines and immunotherapy, is the expression of genes implicated in tumour growth and immune response in kidney cancer. This report summarises recent developments in our understanding of the molecular and genetic pathways behind kidney cancer, which may help to explain some of the gender discrepancies. Other crucial processes, meanwhile, that fully explain the startling clinical genderrelated disparities in kidney cancer are now unknown. The most pertinent articles on the link between gender and kidney cancer were reviewed and summarised. Bench and clinical studies on gender-related signs and inequalities, as well as their effects on the clinical therapy of kidney cancer, should be advanced.
KeywordsSex and gender; Kidney cancer; Outcomes; Renal Cell Carcinoma, Hormones Profile and Inflammation; Sex-specific disease biomarkers; Drug response and resistance
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